12 lesser-known facts about the Apollo 11 mission

It has been a half-century since Neil Armstrong stepped out of a lunar module and onto the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969 and declared, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." The moment heralded a golden age of space...more

Reuters / Thursday, July 28, 2016

It has been a half-century since Neil Armstrong stepped out of a lunar module and onto the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969 and declared, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." The moment heralded a golden age of space exploration that was set in motion just eight years earlier in 1961, when President John F. Kennedy promised before Congress to put a man on the moon before the decade was out. Here are some lesser-known facts about the historic first mission: Michael Collins/NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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1. ARMSTRONG ALMOST DIDN'T SURVIVE TRAINING: Neil Armstrong was training as the backup commander for the Apollo 9 mission a year before his historic mission as Apollo 11 commander, carrying out a simulated lunar module landing when he lost control...more

Reuters / Wednesday, July 10, 2019

1. ARMSTRONG ALMOST DIDN'T SURVIVE TRAINING: Neil Armstrong was training as the backup commander for the Apollo 9 mission a year before his historic mission as Apollo 11 commander, carrying out a simulated lunar module landing when he lost control of the airborne vehicle at Ellington Air Force Base in Houston. At 200 feet up in the air, Armstrong decided to eject, and the vehicle crashed and burned on impact only seconds later as he floated safely to the ground in a parachute. Armstrong recalled that the simulations were much harder than the actual landing, because Earth-bound tests had to account for wind, gusts, turbulence and other factors not present in the airless environment on the moon. "The systems were somewhat choppier or less smooth than the actual lunar module, both propulsion and altitude control systems were so," he said in a 2001 interview for a NASA oral history project. "The lunar module was a pleasant surprise." NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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2. THE WOMEN BEHIND THE MISSION: NASA research mathematician Katherine Johnson wrote the calculations for the Apollo 11 trajectory to the moon. She was one of just a few African-American women hired to work as "human computers" to check and verify...more

Reuters / Wednesday, July 10, 2019

2. THE WOMEN BEHIND THE MISSION: NASA research mathematician Katherine Johnson wrote the calculations for the Apollo 11 trajectory to the moon. She was one of just a few African-American women hired to work as "human computers" to check and verify engineer calculations at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the agency that preceded NASA. Johnson was a key contributor to several space milestones. She wrote the trajectory for Alan Shepherd's flight in 1961, the first by an American in space, and the verification of calculations for John Glenn's 1962 orbit, the first by an American. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015 and her life story was turned into the 2016 film "Hidden Figures." NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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Computer scientist Margaret Hamilton, director of the software engineering division at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, led the team that wrote the guidance and navigation system for the Apollo spacecraft. "There was no second chance. We knew...more

Reuters / Tuesday, November 22, 2016

Computer scientist Margaret Hamilton, director of the software engineering division at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, led the team that wrote the guidance and navigation system for the Apollo spacecraft. "There was no second chance. We knew that," she said of her work on the Apollo program during a 2009 interview with MIT News. "We had to find a way and we did. Looking back, we were the luckiest people in the world; there was no choice but to be pioneers." Hamilton was awarded a Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016. Pictured: Computer scientist Margaret Hamilton receives the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama during a ceremony in the East Room of the White House in Washington, November 22, 2016. REUTERS/Carlos Barria

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3. A POCKET FULL OF MOON DUST: After Neil Armstrong made his historic first step onto the surface of the moon, he grabbed a handful of rocks and soil and stowed it in the pocket of his spacesuit as a "contingency sample." If the astronauts had to...more

Reuters / Thursday, July 16, 2009

3. A POCKET FULL OF MOON DUST: After Neil Armstrong made his historic first step onto the surface of the moon, he grabbed a handful of rocks and soil and stowed it in the pocket of his spacesuit as a "contingency sample." If the astronauts had to hurry off the surface, at least scientists had some material to work with. He remarked on the landscape: "It has a stark beauty all its own -- like the high desert of the United States." Years later in a 2001 interview, Armstrong also expressed curiosity at the simple things in the lunar atmosphere: "There was no dust when you kicked ... That's a product of having an atmosphere, and when you don't have an atmosphere, you don't have any clouds of dust." Pictured: Astronaut Neil Armstrong, the Apollo 11 Mission Commander, standing next to the Lunar Module "Eagle" on the moon July 20, 1969. Edwin Aldrin/NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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4. FLYING THE FLAG: The U.S. flag that was famously planted by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin was customized so it could 'fly' in the airless lunar environment. Designers Jack Kinzler, technical services division chief, and deputy division chief...more

Reuters / Wednesday, July 10, 2019

4. FLYING THE FLAG: The U.S. flag that was famously planted by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin was customized so it could 'fly' in the airless lunar environment. Designers Jack Kinzler, technical services division chief, and deputy division chief David McCraw sewed a hem onto the top of a standard 3x5 nylon flag and slipped in an aluminum rod that would hold the flag out to the side. The flag is likely no longer standing -- photographs in recent years show flags from later Apollo missions still upright, but not 11. Buzz Aldrin says that as the lunar module lifted off from the moon at the end of the Apollo 11 expedition, he saw it being beaten by the engine's exhaust. Pictured: Astronaut Buzz Aldrin poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag on the moon, July 20, 1969. Neil Armstrong/NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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5. MOON ROCKS: The crew gathered 47.51 pounds of rocks and soil from the moon. Three minerals were discovered from samples: armalcolite, tranquillityite and pyroxferroite. Armalcolite, first found in the Sea of Tranquility, was named for the crew of...more

Reuters / Tuesday, May 19, 2009

5. MOON ROCKS: The crew gathered 47.51 pounds of rocks and soil from the moon. Three minerals were discovered from samples: armalcolite, tranquillityite and pyroxferroite. Armalcolite, first found in the Sea of Tranquility, was named for the crew of the Apollo 11 mission: Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins. The mineral was later also found on Earth. NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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6. ARMSTRONG'S FAMOUS FIRST LINE: Neil Armstrong reflected on his famous first line, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind," after stepping onto the moon's surface. In a 2001 interview for a NASA oral history project, he said...more

Reuters / Wednesday, February 08, 2006

6. ARMSTRONG'S FAMOUS FIRST LINE: Neil Armstrong reflected on his famous first line, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind," after stepping onto the moon's surface. In a 2001 interview for a NASA oral history project, he said that while he did ponder what to say, he was preoccupied with more immediate tasks in the period after landing and before venturing out in his spacesuit. "It ... was a pretty simple statement, talking about stepping off something. Why, it wasn't a very complex thing. It was what it was." NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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7. WELCOME COMMITTEE IN THE PACIFIC: The crew splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969, some 900 miles southwest of Hawaii, and were met by Lieutenant Clancy Hatleberg of the U.S. Navy's Underwater Demolition Team-11 at the floating...more

Reuters / Wednesday, July 10, 2019

7. WELCOME COMMITTEE IN THE PACIFIC: The crew splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969, some 900 miles southwest of Hawaii, and were met by Lieutenant Clancy Hatleberg of the U.S. Navy's Underwater Demolition Team-11 at the floating capsule. Hatleberg carried biological isolation garments for himself and the crew members, in case they had been infected with extraterrestrial microorganisms. The astronauts put on the suits before getting on the life raft, and Hatleberg then sprayed down the capsule, the astronauts and himself with disinfectant before they were plucked from the water and brought aboard the USS Hornet recovery ship. The crew wore the suits from the moment the hatch was opened until they were sealed inside a quarantine unit on board the USS Hornet. When the ship docked in Hawaii, the sealed unit was loaded onto a U.S. Air Force transport plane and flown to Ellington Air Force Base outside Houston, Texas, where the three astronauts waited out the full quarantine period of 21 days. NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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8. GUARDING AGAINST MOON GERMS: To prevent contamination on Earth with lunar pathogens, the crew was kept in a Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) for three weeks. The unit, constructed from a 35-foot aluminum Airstream trailer, was designed by Melpar...more

Reuters / Tuesday, August 28, 2012

8. GUARDING AGAINST MOON GERMS: To prevent contamination on Earth with lunar pathogens, the crew was kept in a Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) for three weeks. The unit, constructed from a 35-foot aluminum Airstream trailer, was designed by Melpar Inc. and contained living and sleeping quarters, a kitchen and a bathroom. It also featured communication equipment so the returned crew could speak to their families and to President Richard Nixon, who was on board the USS Hornet to welcome them back to Earth. Eventually, it was determined there were no living organisms on the moon, and the quarantine procedure against 'space germs' was discontinued after Apollo 14. Pictured: Looking through the window of a Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) are astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins speak with their wives Pat Collins, Jan Armstrong, and Joan Aldrin at Ellington Air Force Base in this July 27, 1969. NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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9. ANYTHING TO DECLARE? Upon arrival in Honolulu after their extraterrestrial travels, the Apollo 11 crew jokingly filled out a customs and immigration form. Among the items declared: "moon rock and moon dust samples." When asked if they had any...more

Reuters / Wednesday, July 10, 2019

9. ANYTHING TO DECLARE? Upon arrival in Honolulu after their extraterrestrial travels, the Apollo 11 crew jokingly filled out a customs and immigration form. Among the items declared: "moon rock and moon dust samples." When asked if they had any conditions on board which could lead to the spread of disease, they filled in: "To be determined." NASA/Department of Homeland Security/Handout via REUTERS

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10. TELEVISION HISTORY: Some 650 million people worldwide watched the telecast of the moon landing, and it was the most-watched television event in the U.S. up to that date. Armstrong deployed a single TV camera 30 feet away from the lunar module for...more

Reuters / Friday, July 20, 2012

10. TELEVISION HISTORY: Some 650 million people worldwide watched the telecast of the moon landing, and it was the most-watched television event in the U.S. up to that date. Armstrong deployed a single TV camera 30 feet away from the lunar module for the transmission to Earth, sending back black-and-white images of himself and Aldrin bouncing around on the lunar surface. According to NASA, the data rate for the entire broadcast was 51.2 kilobits per second -- slower than a 56K dial-up modem. Pictured: Astronaut Buzz Aldrin stands beside a solar wind experiment next to the Lunar Module spacecraft on the surface of the Moon July 20, 1969. Neil Armstrong/NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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11. NIXON'S CONTINGENCY SPEECH: President Richard Nixon had a speech prepared in case Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin didn't make it off the moon, underscoring the dangers of the historic first mission. Speechwriter William Safire suggested the...more

Reuters / Wednesday, July 10, 2019

11. NIXON'S CONTINGENCY SPEECH: President Richard Nixon had a speech prepared in case Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin didn't make it off the moon, underscoring the dangers of the historic first mission. Speechwriter William Safire suggested the president telephone the widows to offer his condolences before a speech, in which Safire crafted this opening line: "Fate has ordained that the men who went to the moon to explore in peace will stay on the moon to rest in peace." The prepared address also praised the duo who "know that there is hope for mankind in their sacrifice." In the memo, Safire also suggested that after NASA ended communication with the astronauts, a clergyman ought to commend "their souls 'to the deepest of the deep'" and recite the Lord's Prayer. Pictured: A television split-screen shot shows President Richard Nixon in the Oval Office speaking to the Apollo 11 astronauts on the moon as Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong walk on the lunar surface, July 20, 1969. Robert Knudsen/White House/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration/Handout via REUTERS

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12. GLOBAL CELEBRITIES: After their return to Earth, the crew embarked on a global goodwill tour aboard Air Force Two to 27 cities, in 24 countries, in 45 days, which included a ticker tape parade down Broadway in New York City, stops in far-flung...more

Reuters / Wednesday, July 10, 2019

12. GLOBAL CELEBRITIES: After their return to Earth, the crew embarked on a global goodwill tour aboard Air Force Two to 27 cities, in 24 countries, in 45 days, which included a ticker tape parade down Broadway in New York City, stops in far-flung Japan, Mexico, Pakistan, the Canary Islands, the Congo and Iran, and meetings with the pope, royalty and dignitaries. Pictured: Apollo 11 lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin, command module pilot Michael Collins and commander Neil Armstrong, seen in the lead car are showered in ticker tape during a parade down Broadway and Park Avenue in New York City, August 13, 1969. Bill Taub/NASA/Handout via REUTERS

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